Clean air is important for a healthy home, especially if someone in your family has respiratory issues. A high-quality air filter in an HVAC system keeps the air dust and pollutants free. From HEPA to pleated filters, there are many options. But how do you choose the right one from so many types of air filters available? Don’t worry. In this article, I’ll explain the seven types of air filters and their pros and cons to help you decide which air filter is the right one.
7 Types of HVAC Air Filters: Pros and Cons Explained for Better Indoor Air Quality
The right air filter types play a big role in both indoor air quality and system performance. Each type has its own unique strength. Some focus on basic filtration, while others have advanced features like germ-killing UV lights or reusable options.
1. HEPA Air Filters
HEPA stands for High-Efficiency Particulate Air. HEPA filters can remove up to 99% of air pollutants that includes dust, pollen, pet dander, mold spores, and bacteria. They are also recommended by the US Department of Health because they can capture very small particles that trigger respiratory issues.
HEPA filters contains a network of randomly arranged fibers. The particles in the air clash with the fibers and get trapped while the air passes. Because HEPA filters have multiple layers, they can trap smaller particles at one point or another. So, HEPA filters ensures maximum protection.
Pros
- Superfiltration with the ability to capture smaller particles up to 0.3 microns.
- Long-lasting; can last several months and even years
- Can capture larger particles such as pollen and pet dander
- Energy-efficient and eco-friendly
- Quiet operation
Cons
- High initial cost
- Ineffective against gases, fumes, mold spores, and volatile organic compounds
- Reduced and restricted airflow in older systems
- Some high-rated ones require newer HVAC models
2. Electrostatic Air Filters
Electrostatic filters use electrostatic charges to capture particles. Synthetic materials are used in electrostatic filters as air filter media to create the electrostatic force.
When the air is passed through electrostatic filters, it goes through a high-voltage electrical field. This charges the particles in the air and creates an attraction with the existing electrostatic force. The electrostatic charge in these filters helps trap particles. As a result, the output air is clean and free from those particles. That’s how electrostatic air filters work.
Pros
- Both disposable and reusable
- Cost-effective and low-maintenance
- Can remove a wide range of particles including dust, pollen, pet dander, and smoke particles
Cons
- The electrostatic charge can diminish over time
- Some older models have the potential for ozone production
- Can’t handle bigger particles such as mold spores effectively
3. UV Air Filters
Ultraviolet light kills airborne contaminants such as viruses, bacteria, and mold spores. The ultraviolet (UV) air filter uses this technology to clean the air.
Short-wave UVs are used in UV filters. When airborne particles are exposed to this ray, their DNA gets damaged. As a result, germs can’t reproduce and die.
Pros
- UV filters are effective at germ-killing for the UV ray usage
- They are exceptional indoor air quality without chemical use
- UV filters consume very low energy
Cons
- UV filters have the potential for ozone production
- They are ineffective against gas, cigarette smoke, and fumes
- They are limited effectiveness against larger particles like dust and pollen
- Direct exposure to UV lights harms the eyes and skin
4. Washable Air Filters
Washable air filters, as the name mentions, are designed to clean and rewash multiple times. Durable materials in the filter media can tolerate multiple cleanings. These water-resistant materials can be easily cleaned by rinsing or vacuuming.
Washable HVAC air filters are environmentally friendly. Washable filters also have both disposable and reusable options. Although the initial cost is high, it can be a good investment since you can use this for a long time.
Pros
- Cost-effective in the long run
- Environmentally friendly
- Easy maintenance; most washable filters require simple vacuuming or rinsing with water
- Can last up to 7-8 years if maintained and cleaned properly
Cons
- Very high initial cost
- Requires regular maintenance, cleaning, and drying
- Efficiency can decline over time if not maintained regularly
- Potential for mold and mildew growth without proper cleaning
5. Pleated Air Filters
Pleated air filters are the industry standard for most HVAC systems. The pleated design slows down the airflow and increases the contact time between the air and filter media. However, the decrease in airflow can also clog the flow down and make it harder to push air.
Its MERV rating ranges from 5 to 12. The range is effective for filtering airborne pollutants and dust from the air.
Pros
- Pleated filters can be recycled
- They are long-lasting because of high filtering capacity
- Pleated filters requires minimum replacement
Cons
- Pleated filters have the potential to get clogged
- They require timely replacement for optimal performance
6. Media Air Filters
Although media air filters work in the same mechanism as other filters, they are thicker and more efficient. The added thickness of media filters works as an extra surface area to trap airborne particles. Besides, these air filters are easy to maintain and cost-effective.
Pros
- Media filters are low-maintenance
- Media filters need to be replaced as low as twice a year
- They are cost effective
Cons
- Media filters have a higher initial cost than standard filters
- They require professional installation
- Media filters are ineffective in removing odors
7. Spun Glass Air Filters
Spum glass air filters are the most common disposable HVAC filter types. Usually, randomly oriented fiberglass works as the filter media.
Spun glass filters are inexpensive and the replacement is easy. The cost comes with its filtration capacity and frequent replacement.
Pros
- Very cheap
- Easy to replace
- Widely available; can be found in most hardware stores
- Provides enough filtration to remove every other airborne particles
Cons
- Not very effective against smaller harmful particles
- Needs frequent replacement
- Potential to get clogged and restrict airflow often
Choosing the Right HVAC Filter for Your Home
The right HVAC filter can improve the system’s performance as well as the indoor air quality you experience. However, every type of filter has different pros and cons. So, how do you decide on the correct filter type for your HVAC system? Choosing between the types of different air filters depends on:
- Budget
- HVAC system compatibility
- Your concern with environmental impact
- Your specific needs like health issues, pets, smoking, etc.
Different air filter types also come with different MERV ratings (or filtration efficiency). MERV stands for minimum efficiency reporting value. Higher MERV ratings indicate the ability to capture finer microscopic particles.
- 1-4 is a low MERV rating and indicates basic filtration.
- 5-8 is a medium range for MERV rating and has improved filtration.
- 9-16 is a high range with advanced filtration potential.
Two different types of air filters can also share the same MERV rating. It means they have almost the same capacity for filtration. Then other factors like reusability, cost, etc. differentiate the two.
However, there are some general guidelines. For example, people with asthma and allergies can use high-efficiency particulate air options, pleated filters are all-around choice for most homes. Here is a general guideline for the seven types of HVAC air filter types:
| Filter Type | Best For | Considerations |
| HEPA filters | People with allergies and asthma, People living in heavily polluted areas | Creates airflow resistance, and needs a compatibility check for the specific HVAC system |
| Electrostatic filters | Balancing between cost and HVAC system’s efficiency | Requires regular cleaning and replacement |
| UV air filters | People who are concerned about pathogens such as bacteria | Effective for killing germs, but not as effective for removing particles |
| Washable filters | Environmentally conscious people looking for a cost-effective solution | Requires more maintenance than disposable filters |
| Pleated air filters | Most homeowners who want basic to moderate filtration | Requires frequent replacement |
| Media filters | People seeking a higher level of filtration than standard filters | More expensive than regular filters |
| Spun glass filters | Basic filtration and cost-conscious people. | Needs frequent replacement, not as effective for smaller harmful particles. |
Common Misconceptions About HVAC Filters
Misunderstandings about air filter types can lead to poor choices that affect both indoor air quality and HVAC system performance. So, let’s clear up some misunderstandings about HVAC air filters so you can decide on the correct factors before selecting your filter.
A higher MERV rating is always better: It’s true that a higher MERV rating means higher filtering capacity. However, air passes through a narrower space in higher-rated filters in general. That means, higher MERV-rated filters also restrict airflow. As a result, they put a strain on the system. This is especially true for HEPA filters.
Read also: MERV vs MPR vs FPR – Know about Air Conditioner Filter Ratings
Reusable filters don’t need maintenance: All types of filters need proper maintenance whether it’s cleaning or replacing completely from time to time.
Cleaning a disposable filter extends its life: Disposable filters are made to be changed periodically, not cleaned for reuse.
Dirty filters don’t affect health: Dirty filters are not as efficient as clean filters. In fact, sometimes dirty filters can harbor bacteria and germs in the pent up particles and increase disease symptoms.
All filters are created equal: Not only different filters have different designs but also they offer different capacity for different particles. For example, pleated filters have a unique design that provides superior filtration compared to flat or spun glass options.
Conclusion
Choosing the right HVAC filter is an essential part your HVAC system that maintains a healthy, comfortable home environment. Each type of filter has its advantages and is made for specific needs. It’s important to understand their features, benefits, and limitations.
From HEPA filters with exceptional air purification to budget-friendly spun glass filters, there’s an option for everyone. Always consider factors like your budget, air quality needs, and how much maintenance you are willing to do before deciding on the filter type.
The right filter improves indoor air quality, protects your HVAC system, and lowers energy costs. If you’re still unsure, talk to an HVAC expert for advice.
Clean air starts with the right filter. So, choose wisely and enjoy the benefits of a healthier home.
FAQs
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How often should HVAC filters be replaced?
It is better to replace air filters within 1-3 months. The range depends on the type of filter and usage. For example, if you have a pet or people in your family with allergies, you need to change them after a month.
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Are washable filters worth it?
Washable filters can be a bit expensive. However, you can use it repeatedly with regular washes. It can last even longer if the maintenance is on point. So, it can give you both long-term comfort and savings.
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Can I use any filter in my HVAC system?
Not all system support all types of filters. So, always make sure the type of filter you are going for suits with your HVAC system.
Infographic: : 7 Types of Air Filters for HVAC Systems & Their Pros and Cons
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